A külföldi egyetemisták szabadidő-eltöltési és térhasználati mintázatai Szegeden = Spatial patterns of leisure activities in Szeged

One of the cornerstones of the education policy of the European Union is the promotion of educational mobility among member countries, enabling students to study abroad. Students can gain valuable knowledge from which they can benefit on the labor market and the related higher education institutions can strengthen their international relations. The mass presence of foreign students has an impact on the local economy and the services of the reception area. In the life of Szeged foreign students have also special importance. A recent study in connection with student-mobility in three cities – Debrecen, Pécs and Szeged – found that foreign students have a positive impact on the economy of the cities, through their spending they improve the local employment and create jobs. However in the case of Szeged the limitation of recreational and leisure activities was identified as a problem. This offers many urban development potential and directions for decision-makers and local entrepreneurs. The exploitation of these potentials could enhance the positive effects of foreign students on the local economy, as well as help to improve the urban image, thus strengthening the tourist significance of Szeged. This paper shows the overall impact of foreign students on the life of the reception area. We outline this by presenting the results of a baseline survey research. The research attempts to explore the background of the problems that have already been formulated in order to provide a starting point for later research and, secondly, to offer development directions in itself through the suggestions of foreign students

A külföldi egyetemisták szabadidő-eltöltési és térhasználati mintázatai Szegeden = Spatial patterns of leisure activities in Szeged

One of the cornerstones of the education policy of the European Union is the promotion of educational mobility among member countries, enabling students to study abroad. Students can gain valuable knowledge from which they can benefit on the labor market and the related higher education institutions can strengthen their international relations. The mass presence of foreign students has an impact on the local economy and the services of the reception area. In the life of Szeged foreign students have also special importance. A recent study in connection with student-mobility in three cities – Debrecen, Pécs and Szeged – found that foreign students have a positive impact on the economy of the cities, through their spending they improve the local employment and create jobs. However in the case of Szeged the limitation of recreational and leisure activities was identified as a problem. This offers many urban development potential and directions for decision-makers and local entrepreneurs. The exploitation of these potentials could enhance the positive effects of foreign students on the local economy, as well as help to improve the urban image, thus strengthening the tourist significance of Szeged. This paper shows the overall impact of foreign students on the life of the reception area. We outline this by presenting the results of a baseline survey research. The research attempts to explore the background of the problems that have already been formulated in order to provide a starting point for later research and, secondly, to offer development directions in itself through the suggestions of foreign students

The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe

From around 2750 to 2500 bc, Bell Beaker pottery became widespread across western and central Europe, before it disappeared between 2200 and 1800 bc. The forces that propelled its expansion are a matter of long-standing debate, and there is support for both cultural diffusion and migration having a role in this process. Here we present genome-wide data from 400 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 226 individuals associated with Beaker-complex artefacts. We detected limited genetic affinity between Beaker-complex-associated individuals from Iberia and central Europe, and thus exclude migration as an important mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, migration had a key role in the further dissemination of the Beaker complex. We document this phenomenon most clearly in Britain, where the spread of the Beaker complex introduced high levels of steppe-related ancestry and was associated with the replacement of approximately 90% of Britain’s gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe over the previous centuries

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI